by W. Thomas Smith, Jr
Continental Army General George Washington's celebrated Crossing
of the Delaware has been dubbed in some military circles, America's
first special operation. Though there were certainly many small-unit
actions, raids, and Ranger operations during the Colonial Wars and there
was a special Marine landing in Nassau in the early months of the
American Revolution, no special mission by America's first army has been
more heralded than that which took place on Christmas night exactly 230
years ago.
Certainly the mission had all the components of a modern special
operation (though without all the modern battlefield technologies we
take for granted in the 21st century): "A secret expedition is how John
Greenwood, a soldier with the 15th Massachusetts, described it, as
quoted in Bruce Chadwick's The First American Army.
If nothing else, all the elements for potential disaster were with
Washington and his men as they crossed the Delaware River from the icy
Pennsylvania shoreline to the equally frozen banks of New Jersey,
followed by an eight-mile march to the objective the town of Trenton.
The river, swollen and swift moving, was full of wide, thick sheets of
solid ice. And unlike the romanticized portrayal of the operation in the
famous painting by Emanuel Leutze (the one with Washington standing in
his dramatic, martial pose; his determined face turned toward the far
side of the river), the actual crossing was made in the dead of night,
in a gale-like wind and a blinding sleet and snowstorm. Odds are,
Washington would have been hunkered down in one of the 66-ft-long wooden
boats, draped in his cloak, stoically enduring the bitter cold with his
soldiers, some of whom were rowing or poling the boats against the ice
and the current.
WASHINGTON'S STRATEGIC CONCERNS
The decision for the crossing and the subsequent raid on Trenton was
based on Washington's belief that he had to do something. Otherwise, as
he penned in a private letter,the game will be pretty near up.
To the easily disheartened and the cut-and-runners, it might have seemed
"the game" was indeed already 'up'. After all, many of Washington's
Continental Army were wounded, sick, and demoralized. Recent losses to
the British had been severe. Desertion numbers were rising, and
enlistment terms were almost up. Reinforcements were poorly trained and
ill-equipped. Ammunition was in short supply. The soldiers were not
properly outfitted for extreme winter conditions: Clothing was spare.
Many men were in rags, some naked, according to Washington' own account.
Most had broken shoes or no shoes at all.
THE PLAN
The mission itself, though a huge gamble, was tactically simple.
Washington, personally leading a force of just under 2,500 men, would
cross the river undetected, march toward Trenton, and attack the enemy
garrisoned in the town at dawn.
Two of Washington's other commanders, Generals John Cadwalader and
James Ewing, were also directed to cross: Cadwalader's force was to
cross and attack a second garrison near Bordentown. Ewing's force was to
cross and block the enemy's escape at Trenton. Both commanders,
discouraged by the weather and the river, aborted their own operations.
But according to Maurice Matloff's American Military History (the U.S.
Army's official history), Driven by Washington's indomitable will, the
main force did cross as planned.
Speed of movement, surprise, maneuver, violence of action, and the
plan's simplicity were all key. And fortunately, the elements all came
together.
The factors in Washington's favor were clear: The weather was so bad
that no one believed the Continentals would attempt a river crossing
followed by a forced march, much less at night. The Continentals were
numerically and perceived to be qualitatively inferior to the British
Army. The Hessians, mercenaries allied to the British and who were
garrisoned in Trenton, had a battlefield reputation that far exceeded
their actual combat prowess. And no one believed the weary Americans
would want to attempt anything with anyone on Christmas.
THE CROSSING
Hours before kickoff, Washington had his officers read to the men
excerpts of Thomas Paine's The American Crisis, a portion of which
reads:
"These are the times that try men's souls. The summer
soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the
service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love
and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily
conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the
conflict the more glorious the triumph.â€
By 4:00 p.m. the force was gathered at McKonkey's Ferry, the
launching point for the mission. The watchword, “Victory or death,â€
was given. When darkness set in, the men climbed into the boats and
began easing out into the black river.
Back and forth throughout the night and into the wee hours of the
26th, the boat crews ferried the little army, a few horses, and 18
cannon across the Delaware. The crossing was complete by 4 a.m., but two
hours behind schedule, and the temperatures were plummeting. At least
two men, exhausted and falling asleep in the snow, froze to death.
ATTACKING TRENTON
The next obstacle was the march toward Trenton in blinding snow,
sleet, even hail; and on bloody frostbitten feet. Keep going men,
keep up with your officers, Washington, now on horseback, urged as he
rode alongside his advancing infantry.
Just before 8:00 a.m., the advance elements of the American army were
spotted on the outskirts of town by a Hessian lieutenant. But by the
time he was able to sound the alarm, all hell was breaking loose.
Americans were rushing into Trenton with fixed bayonets. The Hessians , some still in their underwear, and nearly all with hangovers from
too much Christmas Day celebrating, were attempting to form ranks,
but were quickly overrun. Many fled in a panic. Hundreds surrendered.
Those who resisted were shot down or run through with the bayonet. The
Hessian commander, Col. Johann Rall, was desperately trying to rally his
men. But he was shot from his horse, and died later that day.
One of Washington's junior officers, Lieutenant James Monroe was
leading a charge against a Hessian position in the town, when he took a
musket ball in the chest and collapsed. Amazingly he survived, and would
ultimately become the fifth president of the United States.
The fighting lasted about an hour. Four Americans had been killed and
ten-times as many Hessians lay dead in the snow. Some 900 enemy
prisoners were rounded up, along with weapons, ammunition, and other
desperately needed stores. And Washington's victorious army was soon
marching back along the river road to the waiting boats and the return
crossing.
WHAT IT MEANT FOR AMERICA
Days later when many enlistments were up, Washington ordered his
commanders to form ranks. He then rode out before the troops, and
appealed to their sense of duty as well as the criticality of their
fight:
"My brave fellows, you have done all I asked you to do, and more than
could be reasonably expected, but your country is at stake. The
present is emphatically the crisis which is to decide our destiny. "
Indeed it was in December of 1776, just as it is in December of 2018.
Washington held his little army together. Many of the continentals
renewed their enlistments. They then capitalized on their Trenton
victory with wins over the British at Trenton (the second go around) on
January 2, and Princeton on January 3.
The initial Delaware crossing and the raid on Trenton was the bold,
high-risk shot-in-the-arm the nearly disintegrated American army needed
in late 1776. The fighting was far from over, and there would be many
setbacks for the Americans before the Treaty of Paris was signed
formally ending the war in 1783. But the great Christmas night raid in
1776 would forever serve as a model of how a special operation or a
conventional mission, for that matter might be successfully conducted.
There are never any guarantees for success on the battlefield; but with a
little initiative and a handful of good Americans, the dynamics of war
can be altered in a single night. {Not to mention the providential hand of the Almighty - ED}
W. Thomas Smith Jr. is a former U.S. Marine
infantry leader, parachutist, and shipboard counterterrorism instructor
and co-author of The Complete Idiot's Guide to Pirates. Be the first to read W. Thomas Smith Jr's column. Sign up today and receive Townhall.com delivered each morning to your inbox. Sign up today!
{A 2015 article updated from the Webnode site and republished here in honor of God,and remembrance
of the marvelous victory he provided for America to be an independent
self governing nation. .- ED}